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# E.148. Postgres95 Release 0.03

> Release date: 1995-07-21

## E.148.1. Changes

    Incompatible changes:
     * BETA-0.3 IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH DATABASES CREATED WITH PREVIOUS VERSIONS
       (due to system catalog changes and indexing structure changes).
     * double-quote (") is deprecated as a quoting character for string literals;
       you need to convert them to single quotes (').
     * name of aggregates (eg. int4sum) are renamed in accordance with the
       SQL standard (eg. sum).
     * CHANGE ACL syntax is replaced by GRANT/REVOKE syntax.
     * float literals (eg. 3.14) are now of type float4 (instead of float8 in
       previous releases); you might have to do typecasting if you depend on it
       being of type float8.  If you neglect to do the typecasting and you assign
       a float literal to a field of type float8, you might get incorrect values
       stored!
     * LIBPQ has been totally revamped so that frontend applications
       can connect to multiple backends
     * the usesysid field in pg_user has been changed from int2 to int4 to
       allow wider range of Unix user ids.
     * the netbsd/freebsd/bsd o/s ports have been consolidated into a
       single BSD44_derived port.  (thanks to Alistair Crooks)

    SQL standard-compliance (the following details changes that makes postgres95
    more compliant to the SQL-92 standard):
     * the following SQL types are now built-in: smallint, int(eger), float, real,
       char(N), varchar(N), date and time.

       The following are aliases to existing postgres types:
                    smallint -> int2
                    integer, int -> int4
                    float, real  -> float4
       char(N) and varchar(N) are implemented as truncated text types. In
       addition, char(N) does blank-padding.
     * single-quote (') is used for quoting string literals; '' (in addition to
       \') is supported as means of inserting a single quote in a string
     * SQL standard aggregate names (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, COUNT) are used
       (Also, aggregates can now be overloaded, i.e. you can define your
       own MAX aggregate to take in a user-defined type.)
     * CHANGE ACL removed. GRANT/REVOKE syntax added.
       - Privileges can be given to a group using the "GROUP" key word.
            For example:
                    GRANT SELECT ON foobar TO GROUP my_group;
            The key word 'PUBLIC' is also supported to mean all users.

            Privileges can only be granted or revoked to one user or group
            at a time.

            "WITH GRANT OPTION" is not supported.  Only class owners can change
            access control
       - The default access control is to grant users readonly access.
         You must explicitly grant insert/update access to users.  To change
         this, modify the line in
                    src/backend/utils/acl.h
         that defines ACL_WORLD_DEFAULT

    Bug fixes:
     * the bug where aggregates of empty tables were not run has been fixed. Now,
       aggregates run on empty tables will return the initial conditions of the
       aggregates. Thus, COUNT of an empty  table will now properly return 0.
       MAX/MIN of an empty table will return a row of value NULL.
     * allow the use of \; inside the monitor
     * the LISTEN/NOTIFY asynchronous notification mechanism now work
     * NOTIFY in rule action bodies now work
     * hash indexes work, and access methods in general should perform better.
       creation of large btree indexes should be much faster.  (thanks to Paul
       Aoki)

    Other changes and enhancements:
     * addition of an EXPLAIN statement used for explaining the query execution
       plan (eg. "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMP" prints out the execution plan for
       the query).
     * WARN and NOTICE messages no longer have timestamps on them. To turn on
       timestamps of error messages, uncomment the line in
       src/backend/utils/elog.h:
            /* define ELOG_TIMESTAMPS */
     * On an access control violation, the message
            "Either no such class or insufficient privilege"
       will be given.  This is the same message that is returned when
       a class is not found.  This dissuades non-privileged users from
       guessing the existence of privileged classes.
     * some additional system catalog changes have been made that are not
       visible to the user.

    libpgtcl changes:
     * The -oid option has been added to the "pg_result" tcl command.
       pg_result -oid returns oid of the last row inserted.   If the
       last command was not an INSERT, then pg_result -oid returns "".
     * the large object interface is available as pg_lo* tcl commands:
       pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc.

    Portability enhancements and New Ports:
     * flex/lex problems have been cleared up.  Now, you should be able to use
       flex instead of lex on any platforms.  We no longer make assumptions of
       what lexer you use based on the platform you use.
     * The Linux-ELF port is now supported.  Various configuration have been
       tested:  The following configuration is known to work:
            kernel 1.2.10, gcc 2.6.3, libc 4.7.2, flex 2.5.2, bison 1.24
       with everything in ELF format,

    New utilities:
     * ipcclean added to the distribution
       ipcclean usually does not need to be run, but if your backend crashes
       and leaves shared memory segments hanging around, ipcclean will
       clean them up for you.

    New documentation:
     * the user manual has been revised and libpq documentation added.

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